Entomology

Draft: 2025-06-17

Work in PROgress.

Arthropods are a group of animals, which have appendages and exoskeletons. They are comprised of different groups or phyla (s. phylum)

The taxonomy of Arthropods

When we talk about insects, bugs and entomology, we need to widen our reference to include all the similar organisms, which belong to separate groups, because of key features in their biology, which are inherited from common ancestors. Not all of these organisms interact directly with plants, yet they interact with the soil microbiome, and aquatic plants and the aquatic environment.
1. Orb Weaver Spider
2. Bark scorpion
3. Spider mite
1. Centipede
2. Millipede
1. Three species of woodlice
2. Crawfish (also called Crayfish or Crawdad) in muddy agricultural field.
1. Entognatha (primitive insects without wings)
2. Insecta orders without wings, the exceptions: silverfish, lice, and fleas.
Hymenoptera

These insects can have wings, or can also exist in wingless stages of life or certain members of their colonies can exist without wings. They are notable for their swarm intelligence. For example, ants farm aphids (Hemiptera) by eating their sugary-watery feces or frass, protecting them from other predators, and changing their behavior. Wasps and bees, like ants and termites, harvest materials from the environment and regurgitate them to create nests, and have complex societies with different castes. Termites feel vibrations and can determine the size of wood they are eating.

Wikimedia Commons [].
Flies (Diptera, from δι [Greek: two] and πτερόν [Greek: wing]) are more numerous and just as important pollinators as bees. They range in sizes, colors, and lifestyle habits. They have a larval stage, and begin their life as maggots. Although flies are supposed to have two wings, many flies have smaller set of wings called halteres, which are used to stabilize their flight. Some flies mimic bee colors to appear more dangerous, yet they have sucking mouthparts and other features typical of the insect order Diptera.

Flies can be just as dangerous as bees, since they can bite (ex: horseflies) or suck blood (ex: mosquitos), which spreads blood-borne diseases, and can lay eggs inside skin of living animals (ex: bot-flies). For this reason, gardeners must have protective clothing to prevent exposure to harmful insects and also to avoid skin absorption of harmful pesticides.

Wikimedia Commons [].
Beetles (Coleoptera, from κολεός [Greek: sheath, cover] and πτερόν [Greek: wing]) can be important pollinators, some of the largest insects in the environment, an important part of the ecological web, and a pest for plant cultivators.

1. Rose chafer (Cetonia aurata) is a beetle originally from Europe, which can damage the leaves of ornamental plants like roses (Rosa spp.), even though many garden roses were imported from other parts of the world. The damage caused by these herbivores is called skeletonization, since they eat the tissues between the leaf veins. They can exist as grub larvae in the soil or flying adult beetles, and are eaten by birds. The transportation of plants can inadvertently introduce pest insects to new regions. There exists other species of beetles with the same common name.

2. Locust Borer (Megacyllene robiniae) is a beetle from North America, which can damage urban trees like black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The larvae live and eat the wood of the tree. The adults feed on pollen of goldenrod (Solidago spp.) and pollinate them. Because black locust wood is valuable to humans, the damage caused by the larvae nests is measured economically.

3. Chilean stag beetle (Chiasognathus grantii) is one of the largest beetles on Earth. Males have oversized mandibles 2 to 3 times greater than its body size, an example of sexual dimorphism studied and published by Charles Darwin in 1871. Chilean stag beetles live in the austral forests of southern beech (Nothofagus spp.). Ecologists observe how this species helps the soil ecosystem by eating certain roots and defecating nutrients, which feed bacteria that benefit mycorrhizal fungi.

Wikimedia Commons [].
1. Beetles like Rose chafer (C. aurata) do not only feed on leaves and flowers, instead they play an important role in the decay of forest detritus. Thanks to bacteria in the gut of C. aurata, it can help other fungi in the environment digest cellulose from decayed wood on forest floor.

2. The Wheel Bug (Arilus cristatus) is one of the predators of adult Locust borers (M. robiniae). Their common name comes from the wheel-like armor on their back. They puncture insects smaller than them with their venomous fang. For humans, their sting is more painful than a wasp sting, and causes a severe skin reaction.

3. When beetles like the Chilean stag beetle (C. grantii) defecate, they contribute nutrients and microorganisms to the soil microbiome. EMS photograph of bacteria and fungi on the root tip of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) tree, an example of the rhizosphere microbiome.

Wikimedia Commons [].
Ecological relationships between soil microbiome and soil microfauna.

Arthropods of different relative sizes (red: medium, big; blue: small), which eat forest detritus or are saprophagous, contribute to the resource base of bacteria and fungi in the soil microbiome.

Adapted from Ruiz, N. Lavelle, P. Jimenéz, J. (2008).
Originally from Wardle (2002).
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN).

Economy and ecology are related concepts. They are different methods to measure the same thing. However, economic analysis focuses mostly on the ecological relationships between humans and the environment.The value derived from nature (ex: Black locust wood) originates from complex systems, which depend on networks of interrelated organisms and specific time frames.

Sustainable management focuses on the ecological impacts of economically justified decisions (ex: pesticide application to avoid crop loss). The value lost due to pests (Vp) can be less than the value lost due to consequential technologies (Vt). This means the technology used to avoid damage is actually more harmful and contributes to more loss. Sustainability sustains the economy.

Theoretical exercise



Vp = Damages / final value
Vt = Final value / Historical value output OR Final value / Optimal value output OR Final value / Projected value output

if Vp < Vt , then management strategy is worse than sustainable alternative.

1. Woodpeckers (bird family Picidae) create holes on surface of wood in search for wood-burrowing larvae species. They also make holes for their nests. Therefore, while they feed and control pest populations, like Locust borer (M. robiniae), they can also contribute to value loss for plant cultivators.

2. Wild cats like bobcats (Lynx rufus) might be the next largest predator, which can control populations of woodpeckers and other species, which create nests in trees, such as squirrels (family Scuridae) and ducks (bird family Anatidae). Depredation by apex predators may affect pest populations.
Quebec, Canada.

3. Wild cats like bobcats (L. rufus) have large range, and can climb both coniferous and deciduous trees.
southeastern California, USA.

Wikimedia Commons [].

Land management practices allow places for creatures to thrive without human competition. Protected natural spaces not only help wild communities of different creatures, they are valued by humans. For example, humans visit National Parks and pay fees to support the employees. Visitors can gain a once of a lifetime experience, and health benefits.

Urban environments can be detrimental for human health. Urban forest and a managed ecosystem can contribute to better health and higher function.

Often, the wealthiest and most educated members of our society live near forests and other wild preserved ecosystems. This is an indicator of their true value.

However, there are insects, which can contribute to health issues. Protective clothing, awareness, and knowledgeable habits are important resources to live near wild environment without the natural consequences or consequences from protective technologies (ex: skin exposure to pesticides like mosquito repellents).

Flying insects are attracted to a variety of stimuli (ex: light, pheromones, food, water), which are used by scientists to lure them into traps in order to study them, and used by farmers to prevent pest damage. These methods can have consequences on the behavior, population and therefore, reproduction of insects.

Author of PRO, thanks to the advice and help of UW-Arboretum Longenecker Horticultural Garden’s curator, helped establish a protocol for insect monitoring on flowers, which relies on manual photographic capture without the use of flash. This method requires the photographer to wear protective clothing, which doesn’t attract insects (ex: kakhi Carhartt brand long-sleeve clothing vs. white flower color). This method was used on Hydrangea paniculata and in Madison, Wisconsin. Species and climate can affect insect aggressiveness, and photographer safety.

Passive methods of scientific research, like the capture of light or photographic data, without any spectral emissions, are one way scientists can leave a smaller footprint on their environment and obtain accurate data of insect behavior.

Credit: Alchemist-hp, Mehdi (CC 3.0)

Insects and plant diseases

Insect vectors

Corn flea beetle -> Stewart’s wilt of corn
Striped cucumber beetle -> Bacterial wilt off cucurbits
Elm bark beetle -> Dutch elm disease
Aphids -> potato virus Y
Leafhoppers & planthoppers -> grassy stunt virus, phytophlasmas, phloem-limited fastidious bacteria
Whiteflies -> tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (pp.44-45)

Beneficials

Green lacewing
– larvae consume 200-300 aphids during lifecycle
– adults only consume pollen and nectar

Great migrations

Donaus plexippus (Monarch Butterfly)

Swallowtails
– Black Swallowtail
– Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
– Canadian Tiger Swallowtail
– Pipevine Swallowtail
– Zebra Swallowtail
– Spicebush Swallowtail
– Giant Swallowtail

Entomology

Arthropods


Crustaceans in agriculture

Crabs used as pest control in rice fields

Roly-pollies

Habitats

Signs of life, chemical/microbial indicators

Insects

Pollinators

Wild

Diptera

Lepidoptera

Large migrations

Apidae

Honey bees vs. native bees

Cultivated

Apis mellifera

Most common

Trafficked

Health issues due to handling and disease

Diseases

Multi-faceted

Pesticides

Plant diversity

Handling

Diagnosis

Colony collapse disorder

Bombus impatiens

Indoor strawberry

Behavior

House flies

Rate of reproduction

Beneficials/Predators

Vespidae and other wasps

Predation

Larval, adult stage

Parasitism

Host range

References

Fir0002. “File:Garden orb weaver17.jpg”. May 3, 2005. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 12, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Garden_orb_weaver17.jpg

Lupo. Dbenbenn. “File:Bark Scorpion.jpg”. May 28, 2005. USA National Park Service (NPS). Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 12, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bark_Scorpion.jpg

Kulac, Kurt. “File:Trombidium holosericeum Woblitz01.jpg”. May 22, 2010. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 12, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trombidium_holosericeum_Woblitz01.jpg

Agrios, George N. “Plant Pathology”, 5th Edition. 2005. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida. Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN: 0-12-473276-3

Fir0002. “File:Garden orb weaver17.jpg”. May 3, 2005. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 12, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Garden_orb_weaver17.jpg

Lupo. Dbenbenn. “File:Bark Scorpion.jpg”. May 28, 2005. USA National Park Service (NPS). Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 12, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bark_Scorpion.jpg

Kulac, Kurt. “File:Trombidium holosericeum Woblitz01.jpg”. May 22, 2010. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 12, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trombidium_holosericeum_Woblitz01.jpg

2025-02-17

Brotzer, Andreas. “File:Millipede in rain forest.jpg”. Aug 24, 2017. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Millipede_in_rain_forest.jpg

Guinther, Eric (user: Marshman). “File:Centipede.jpg”. Jan 5, 2002. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centipede.jpg

Pudding4brains. “File:Porcellio scaber and Oniscus asellus – Zalné20070205.jpg”. Feb 5, 2007. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porcellio_scaber_and_Oniscus_asellus_-_Zaln%C3%A920070205.jpg

de Armas, Luis F. Rodríguez-Cabrera, Tomás M. “File:Cuzcodinella alejandroi.jpg”. Dec 12, 2018. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cuzcodinella_alejandroi.jpg

19Tarrestnom65. “File:Finca dels Catalans 29.jpg”. Sept 28, 2022. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finca_dels_Catalans_29.jpg

Maddison, David R. “File:Protura from Durham, NC, USA..jpg”. Oct 20, 2024. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protura_from_Durham,_NC,_USA..jpg

AJC1. “File:Springtails – 40030211093.jpg”. Feb 2, 2019. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Springtails_-_40030211093.jpg

Andrew. “File:Two-pronged Bristletail (Diplura) (10353381334).jpg”. Oct 18, 2013. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two-pronged_Bristletail_(Diplura)_(10353381334).jpg

Geller-Grimm, Fritz. “File:Zygentoma fg01.jpg”. Jun 17, 2007. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zygentoma_fg01.jpg

San Martin, Gilles. “File:Male human head louse.jpg”. Aug 17, 2020. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male_human_head_louse.jpg

Fedaro. “File:Flea, macro.jpg”. Jan 12, 2022. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flea,_macro.jpg

Devkota, Amrit. “Common Forest Insects “. Mar 18, 2021. Blogger Nepal. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://www.bloggernepal.com/2021/03/common-forest-insects.html

Horne, Don. “File:Ants milking aphids (Honeydew) (NZAC06003293).jpg”. Feb 13, 2019. New Zealand Arthropod Collection. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ants_milking_aphids_(Honeydew)_(NZAC06003293).jpg

McClenaghan, David. “File:CSIRO ScienceImage 1655 Cryptotermes domesticus.jpg”. Feb 21, 2005. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1655_Cryptotermes_domesticus.jpg

Lady alys. “File:House stumps eaten by termites.jpg”. Dec 13, 2007. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:House_stumps_eaten_by_termites.jpg

Fisch, Martin. “File:Bee hive1.jpg”. Jun 12, 2021. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bee_hive1.jpg

Bresson, Thomas. “File:2015-08-13 14-19-28 polistes-nid.jpg”. Aug 13, 2015. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Feb 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2015-08-13_14-19-28_polistes-nid.jpg

2025-03-24

Nono64. “File:Halteres-Tipule.jpg”. Nov 2, 2006. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Mar 24, 2025. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Halteres-Tipule.jpg

Sjonnoh. “File:Bessenbandzweefvlieg Vrouwtje (2).JPG”. Oct 2, 2010. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Mar 24, 2024. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bessenbandzweefvlieg_Vrouwtje_(2).JPG

“Secret Nature”. Southern Star. Amazon Prime. Movie (Documentary). Accessed Mar 24, 2025. https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/B07FCQ19W1/ref=atv_dp_share_cu_r

Islam, Joseph A. “Studying the Quran”. Quran’s Message. Accessed Mar 24, 2025. https://quransmessage.com/articles/how%20to%20study%20the%20quran%20FM3.htm

Alchemist-hp. “File:Insect flights in the night in front of a spotlight HP L7869.jpg”. Oct 5, 2013. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Mar 24, 2024. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Insect_flights_in_the_night_in_front_of_a_spotlight_HP_L7869.jpg

Mehdi. “File:Pheromone insect traps – Amol – Iran 03.JPG”. Jun 18, 2008. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Mar 24, 2024. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pheromone_insect_traps_-Amol-_Iran_03.JPG

2025-06-16

Chrumps. “File:Cetonia-aurata.jpg”. Aug 5, 2007. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cetonia-aurata.jpg

Lindemom1. “File:Locust Borer (Megacyllene robiniae), adult beetle, feeding on pollen of goldenrod plants.jpg”. Sept 13, 2015. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Locust_Borer_(Megacyllene_robiniae),_adult_beetle,_feeding_on_pollen_of_goldenrod_plants.jpg

nitsuga74. “File:Chiasognathus grantii 257627848.jpg”. Feb 23, 2023. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chiasognathus_grantii_257627848.jpg

“Rose chafer”. Woodland Trust. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/beetles/rose-chafer/

Bissanti, Guido. “Cetonia aurata”. Jan 16, 2023. Un Mondo Ecosostenibile. Jun 16, 2025. https://antropocene.it/en/2023/01/16/cetonia-aurata-2/

Bartlett et al. “Species Megacyllene robiniae – Locust Borer”. Feb 16, 2004. BugGuide. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://bugguide.net/node/view/436

“Locust Borer”. Aspect Tree Care. Accessed June 16, 2025. https://www.aspecttreecare.com/resources/locust-borer

Montaña, Francisca. “Ciervo volante, el rey de los escarabajos del sur de Chile”. Feb 7, 2023. Ladera Sur. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://laderasur.com/articulo/ciervo-volante-el-rey-de-los-escarabajos-del-sur-de-chile/

Wild, Lisa. “File:Bog oak – geograph.org.uk – 566935.jpg”. Sep 23, 2007. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bog_oak_-geograph.org.uk-_566935.jpg

jeffreyw. “File:The notched half circle gives the “wheel” bug his name (5075737950).jpg”. Oct 12, 2010. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_notched_half_circle_gives_the_%22wheel%22_bug_his_name_(5075737950).jpg

Mekonen Ertiban, Sefi. “Soil Fauna as Webmasters, Engineers and Bioindicators in Ecosystems: Implications for Conservation Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture”. Apr 9, 2019. American Journal of Life Sciences, vol 7, iss 1, pp.17-26. https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJLS.20190701.14

Ruiz, N. Lavelle, P. Jimenéz, J. “Soil Macrofauna Field Manual”. 2008. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://www.fao.org/4/i0211e/i0211e00.htm

Devokaitis, Marc. “The Hole Story: How Woodpeckers Make Homes for the Rest of the Forest”. Mar 24, 2025. All About Birds. Cornell Lab. Accessed Jun 16, 2024. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/hole-story-how-woodpeckers-make-homes-forest/

“File:2016-11 zoo sauvage de Saint-Félicien – Lynx rufus 03.jpg”. Nov 5, 2016. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2016-11_zoo_sauvage_de_Saint-F%C3%A9licien_-_Lynx_rufus_03.jpg

“File:Bobcat (Lynx rufus) (14252467743).jpg”. Jan 23, 2013. Joshua Tree National Park. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bobcat_(Lynx_rufus)_(14252467743).jpg

BrothersofMetal. “File:110614 HMDS Bakterien 2 corrected.tif”. Nov 6, 2014. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 16, 2024. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:110614_HMDS_Bakterien_2_corrected.tif

Gulivanov, Andrey. “File:Lesser spotted woodpecker nest (54010524786).jpg”. Jun 13, 2024. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lesser_spotted_woodpecker_nest_(54010524786).jpg

mcc6145. “The Wheel Bug (Arilus cristatus)”. Mar 21, 2025. Bug Beats. Penn State. Accessed Jun 16, 2025. https://sites.psu.edu/bugbeats/2025/03/21/the-wheel-bug-arilus-cristatus/

2025-06-17

2025-06-17

Olsson, Per-Anders. “File:Black scorpion.jpg”. Nov 21, 2004. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_scorpion.jpg

Gathany, James. “File:Mosquito on human skin.jpg”. Oct 1, 2016. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosquito_on_human_skin.jpg

“File:Tabanus sudeticus – Pferdebremse -.jpg”. Jul 12, 2020. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tabanus_sudeticus_-Pferdebremse-.jpg

Bauer, Scott. “File:Adult deer tick.jpg”. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adult_deer_tick.jpg

Lendt, Thomas. “File:Tabanus sudeticus – Pferdebremse -.jpg”. Jul 12, 2020. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tabanus_sudeticus_-Pferdebremse-.jpg

Fgach80. “File:Karl Ploberger und Georgia Kazantzidu (Natur im Garten).jpg”. Oct 26, 2023. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Ploberger_und_Georgia_Kazantzidu_(Natur_im_Garten).jpg

Gruber, Karl. “File:Natur-im-Garten 3251.JPG”. Oct 2014. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Natur-im-Garten_3251.JPG

Linwood, Jim. “Giant Stag Beetle In Kew Gardens – London.”. Oct 16, 2010. Flickr. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://www.flickr.com/photos/brighton/5089071064/

“File:Off and Cutter DEET Insect Repellent – Bug Spray (27827388427).jpg”. Jun 1, 2018. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Off_and_Cutter_DEET_Insect_Repellent_-Bug_Spray(27827388427).jpg

“File:Blatta orientalis male from Botevgrad, Bulgaria 02.jpg”. Jun 25, 2022. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blatta_orientalis_male_from_Botevgrad,_Bulgaria_02.jpg

Jurvetson, Steve. “File:Ant on memory card.jpg”. Jun 11, 2005. Brave New World. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ant_on_memory_card.jpg

“File:Architect and engineer (1934) (14578209967).jpg”. 1934. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Architect_and_engineer_(1934)_(14578209967).jpg

“File:Black Flag Push-Button Insect Bomb – DPLA – 96e239e836fdb0512daa129781b18416 (page 2).jpg”. circa 1950. Boyle-Midway Inc. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Flag_Push-Button_Insect_Bomb_-DPLA–96e239e836fdb0512daa129781b18416(page_2).jpg

“File:Holiday Fogger – DPLA – b4fd2de07cacc6247aab990961d68a54 (page 3).jpg”. 1970s. Pet Chemicals Inc. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed Jun 17, 2025. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holiday_Fogger_-DPLA–b4fd2de07cacc6247aab990961d68a54(page_3).jpg

Leave a comment

close-alt close collapse comment ellipsis expand gallery heart lock menu next pinned previous reply search share star